init

tools/Assembler.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+@echo off
+
+rem  $Id: Assembler.bat,v 1.2 2014/05/10 00:52:43 marka Exp $
+rem  mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+setlocal
+if not "%2"=="" goto :USAGE
+if "%~1"=="/?" (
+:USAGE
+  echo Usage:
+  echo     Assembler               Starts the assembler in interactive mode.
+  echo     Assembler FILE[.asm]    Assembles FILE.asm to FILE.hack.
+  exit -b
+)
+if not "%~1"=="" (
+  set "_arg1=%~f1"
+)
+pushd "%~dp0"
+if "%~1"=="" (
+  start javaw -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/HackGUI.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar;bin/lib/AssemblerGUI.jar;bin/lib/TranslatorsGUI.jar" ^
+    HackAssemblerMain
+) else (
+  echo Assembling "%_arg1%"
+  java -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/HackGUI.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar;bin/lib/AssemblerGUI.jar;bin/lib/TranslatorsGUI.jar" ^
+    HackAssemblerMain "%_arg1%"
+)
+popd

tools/Assembler.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+# $Id: Assembler.sh,v 1.1 2014/06/17 21:14:01 marka Exp $
+# mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+# User's CDPATH can interfere with cd in this script
+unset CDPATH
+# Get the true name of this script
+script="`test -L "$0" && readlink -n "$0" || echo "$0"`"
+dir="$PWD"
+cd "`dirname "$script"`"
+if [ \( $# -gt 1 \) -o \( "$1" = "-h" \) -o \( "$1" = "--help" \) ]
+then
+	echo "Usage:"
+	echo "    `basename "$0"`               Starts the assembler in interactive mode."
+	echo "    `basename "$0"` FILE[.asm]    Assembles FILE.asm to FILE.hack."
+elif [ $# -eq 0 ]
+then
+	# Run assembler in interactive mode
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/HackGUI.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar:bin/lib/AssemblerGUI.jar:bin/lib/TranslatorsGUI.jar" HackAssemblerMain &
+else
+	# Convert arg1 to an absolute path and run assembler with arg1.
+	if [ `echo "$1" | sed -e "s/\(.\).*/\1/"` = / ]
+	then
+		arg1="$1"
+	else
+		arg1="${dir}/$1"
+	fi
+	echo Assembling "$arg1"
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/HackGUI.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar:bin/lib/AssemblerGUI.jar:bin/lib/TranslatorsGUI.jar" HackAssemblerMain "$arg1"
+fi
+

tools/CPUEmulator.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+@echo off
+
+rem  $Id: CPUEmulator.bat,v 1.3 2014/05/10 00:52:43 marka Exp $
+rem  mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+setlocal
+if not "%2"=="" goto :USAGE
+if "%~1"=="/?" (
+:USAGE
+  echo Usage:
+  echo     CPUEmulator             Starts the CPU Emulator in interactive mode.
+  echo     CPUEmulator FILE.tst    Starts the CPU Emulator and runs the FILE.tst
+  echo                             test script.  The success/failure message
+  echo                             is printed to the command console.
+  exit -b
+)
+if not "%~1"=="" (
+  set "_arg1=%~f1"
+)
+pushd "%~dp0"
+if "%~1"=="" (
+  start javaw -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/HackGUI.jar;bin/lib/Simulators.jar;bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar" ^
+    CPUEmulatorMain
+) else (
+rem  echo Running "%_arg1%"
+  java -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/HackGUI.jar;bin/lib/Simulators.jar;bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar" ^
+    CPUEmulatorMain "%_arg1%"
+)
+popd

tools/CPUEmulator.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+# $Id: CPUEmulator.sh,v 1.1 2014/06/17 21:14:01 marka Exp $
+# mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+# User's CDPATH can interfere with cd in this script
+unset CDPATH
+# Get the true name of this script
+script="`test -L "$0" && readlink -n "$0" || echo "$0"`"
+dir="$PWD"
+cd "`dirname "$script"`"
+if [ \( $# -gt 1 \) -o \( "$1" = "-h" \) -o \( "$1" = "--help" \) ]
+then
+	echo "Usage:"
+	echo "    `basename "$0"`             Starts the CPU Emulator in interactive mode."
+	echo "    `basename "$0"` FILE.tst    Starts the CPU Emulator and runs the File.tst"
+	echo "                               test script.  The success/failure message"
+	echo "                               is printed to the command console."
+elif [ $# -eq 0 ]
+then
+	# Run CPU emulator in interactive mode
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/HackGUI.jar:bin/lib/Simulators.jar:bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar" CPUEmulatorMain &
+else
+	# Convert arg1 to an absolute path and run CPU emulator with arg1
+	if [ `echo "$1" | sed -e "s/\(.\).*/\1/"` = / ]
+	then
+		arg1="$1"
+	else
+		arg1="${dir}/$1"
+	fi
+#	echo Running "$arg1"
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/HackGUI.jar:bin/lib/Simulators.jar:bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar" CPUEmulatorMain "$arg1"
+fi

tools/HardwareSimulator.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+@echo off
+
+rem  $Id: HardwareSimulator.bat,v 1.3 2014/05/10 00:52:43 marka Exp $
+rem  mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+setlocal
+if not "%2"=="" goto :USAGE
+if "%~1"=="/?" (
+:USAGE
+  echo Usage:
+  echo     HardwareSimulator             Starts the Hardware Simulator in
+  echo                                   interactive mode.
+  echo     HardwareSimulator FILE.tst    Starts the Hardware Simulator and runs the
+  echo                                   FILE.tst test script.  The success/failure
+  echo                                   message is printed to the command console.
+  exit -b
+)
+if not "%~1"=="" (
+  set "_arg1=%~f1"
+)
+pushd "%~dp0"
+if "%~1"=="" (
+  start javaw -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;.;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/HackGUI.jar;bin/lib/Simulators.jar;bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar" ^
+    HardwareSimulatorMain
+) else (
+rem  echo Running "%_arg1%"
+  java -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;.;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/HackGUI.jar;bin/lib/Simulators.jar;bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar" ^
+    HardwareSimulatorMain "%_arg1%"
+)
+popd

tools/HardwareSimulator.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+# $Id: HardwareSimulator.sh,v 1.1 2014/06/17 21:14:01 marka Exp $
+# mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+# User's CDPATH can interfere with cd in this script
+unset CDPATH
+# Get the true name of this script
+script="`test -L "$0" && readlink -n "$0" || echo "$0"`"
+dir="$PWD"
+cd "`dirname "$script"`"
+if [ \( $# -gt 1 \) -o \( "$1" = "-h" \) -o \( "$1" = "--help" \) ]
+then
+	echo "Usage:"
+	echo "    `basename "$0"`             Starts the Hardware Simulator in"
+	echo "                                     interactive mode."
+	echo "    `basename "$0"` FILE.tst    Starts the Hardware Simulator and runs the"
+	echo "                                     FILE.tst test script.  The success/failure"
+	echo "                                     message is printed to the command console."
+elif [ $# -eq 0 ]
+then
+	# Run hardware simulator in interactive mode
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:BuiltIn:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/HackGUI.jar:bin/lib/Simulators.jar:bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar" HardwareSimulatorMain &
+else
+	# Convert arg1 to an absolute path and run hardware simulator with arg1
+	if [ `echo "$1" | sed -e "s/\(.\).*/\1/"` = / ]
+	then
+		arg1="$1"
+	else
+		arg1="${dir}/$1"
+	fi
+#	echo Running "$arg1"
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:BuiltIn:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/HackGUI.jar:bin/lib/Simulators.jar:bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar" HardwareSimulatorMain "$arg1"
+fi

tools/JackCompiler.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+@echo off
+
+rem  $Id: JackCompiler.bat,v 1.2 2014/05/10 00:52:43 marka Exp $
+rem  mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+setlocal
+if not "%2"=="" goto :USAGE
+if "%~1"=="/?" (
+:USAGE
+  echo Usage:
+  echo     JackCompiler              Compiles all .jack files in the current
+  echo                               working directory.
+  echo     JackCompiler DIRECTORY    Compiles all .jack files in DIRECTORY.
+  echo     JackCompiler FILE.jack    Compiles FILE.jack to FILE.vm.
+  exit -b
+)
+if not "%~1"=="" (
+  set "_arg1=%~f1"
+) else (
+  set "_arg1=%CD%"
+)
+pushd "%~dp0"
+echo Compiling "%_arg1%"
+java -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar" ^
+  Hack.Compiler.JackCompiler "%_arg1%"
+popd

tools/JackCompiler.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+# $Id: JackCompiler.sh,v 1.1 2014/06/17 21:14:01 marka Exp $
+# mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+# User's CDPATH can interfere with cd in this script
+unset CDPATH
+# Get the true name of this script
+script="`test -L "$0" && readlink -n "$0" || echo "$0"`"
+dir="$PWD"
+cd "`dirname "$script"`"
+if [ \( $# -gt 1 \) -o \( "$1" = "-h" \) -o \( "$1" = "--help" \) ]
+then
+	echo "Usage:"
+	echo "    `basename "$0"`              Compiles all .jack files in the current"
+	echo "                                 working directory."
+	echo "    `basename "$0"` DIRECTORY    Compiles all .jack files in DIRECTORY."
+	echo "    `basename "$0"` FILE.jack    Compiles FILE.jack to FILE.vm."
+else
+	if [ $# -eq 0 ]
+	then
+		# Use current directory as arg1
+		arg1="$dir"
+	else
+		# Convert arg1 to an absolute path
+		if [ `echo "$1" | sed -e "s/\(.\).*/\1/"` = / ]
+		then
+			arg1="$1"
+		else
+			arg1="$dir/$1"
+		fi
+	fi
+	echo Compiling "$arg1"
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar" Hack.Compiler.JackCompiler "$arg1"
+fi

tools/OS/Array.vm

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+function Array.new 0
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+not
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 2
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+call Memory.alloc 1
+return
+function Array.dispose 0
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push pointer 0
+call Memory.deAlloc 1
+pop temp 0
+push constant 0
+return

tools/OS/Keyboard.vm

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+function Keyboard.init 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Keyboard.keyPressed 0
+push constant 24576
+call Memory.peek 1
+return
+function Keyboard.readChar 2
+push constant 0
+call Output.printChar 1
+pop temp 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 1
+push constant 0
+eq
+push local 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+or
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+call Keyboard.keyPressed 0
+pop local 0
+push local 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push local 0
+pop local 1
+label IF_FALSE0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+call String.backSpace 0
+call Output.printChar 1
+pop temp 0
+push local 1
+call Output.printChar 1
+pop temp 0
+push local 1
+return
+function Keyboard.readLine 5
+push constant 80
+call String.new 1
+pop local 3
+push argument 0
+call Output.printString 1
+pop temp 0
+call String.newLine 0
+pop local 1
+call String.backSpace 0
+pop local 2
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 4
+not
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+call Keyboard.readChar 0
+pop local 0
+push local 0
+push local 1
+eq
+pop local 4
+push local 4
+not
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push local 0
+push local 2
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push local 3
+call String.eraseLastChar 1
+pop temp 0
+goto IF_END1
+label IF_FALSE1
+push local 3
+push local 0
+call String.appendChar 2
+pop local 3
+label IF_END1
+label IF_FALSE0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push local 3
+return
+function Keyboard.readInt 2
+push argument 0
+call Keyboard.readLine 1
+pop local 0
+push local 0
+call String.intValue 1
+pop local 1
+push local 0
+call String.dispose 1
+pop temp 0
+push local 1
+return

tools/OS/Math.vm

@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+function Math.init 1
+push constant 16
+call Array.new 1
+pop static 1
+push constant 16
+call Array.new 1
+pop static 0
+push constant 0
+push static 0
+add
+push constant 1
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 0
+push constant 15
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+push local 0
+push static 0
+add
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+add
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Math.abs 0
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push argument 0
+neg
+pop argument 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+return
+function Math.multiply 5
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+gt
+and
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+and
+or
+pop local 4
+push argument 0
+call Math.abs 1
+pop argument 0
+push argument 1
+call Math.abs 1
+pop argument 1
+push argument 0
+push argument 1
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push argument 0
+pop local 1
+push argument 1
+pop argument 0
+push local 1
+pop argument 1
+label IF_FALSE0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 2
+push constant 1
+sub
+push argument 1
+push constant 1
+sub
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 3
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push argument 1
+and
+push constant 0
+eq
+not
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push local 0
+push argument 0
+add
+pop local 0
+push local 2
+push local 3
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+add
+pop local 2
+label IF_FALSE1
+push argument 0
+push argument 0
+add
+pop argument 0
+push local 3
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 3
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push local 4
+if-goto IF_TRUE2
+goto IF_FALSE2
+label IF_TRUE2
+push local 0
+neg
+pop local 0
+label IF_FALSE2
+push local 0
+return
+function Math.divide 4
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 3
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+gt
+and
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+and
+or
+pop local 2
+push constant 0
+push static 1
+add
+push argument 1
+call Math.abs 1
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push argument 0
+call Math.abs 1
+pop argument 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 0
+push constant 15
+lt
+push local 3
+not
+and
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push constant 32767
+push local 0
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+sub
+push local 0
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+lt
+pop local 3
+push local 3
+not
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+push static 1
+add
+push local 0
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push local 0
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+add
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+push argument 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+gt
+pop local 3
+push local 3
+not
+if-goto IF_TRUE2
+goto IF_FALSE2
+label IF_TRUE2
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+label IF_FALSE2
+label IF_FALSE1
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+label WHILE_EXP1
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+neg
+gt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END1
+push local 0
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+push argument 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+gt
+not
+if-goto IF_TRUE3
+goto IF_FALSE3
+label IF_TRUE3
+push local 1
+push local 0
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+add
+pop local 1
+push argument 0
+push local 0
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+sub
+pop argument 0
+label IF_FALSE3
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop local 0
+goto WHILE_EXP1
+label WHILE_END1
+push local 2
+if-goto IF_TRUE4
+goto IF_FALSE4
+label IF_TRUE4
+push local 1
+neg
+pop local 1
+label IF_FALSE4
+push local 1
+return
+function Math.sqrt 4
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 4
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push constant 7
+pop local 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+neg
+gt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 3
+push local 0
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+add
+pop local 1
+push local 1
+push local 1
+call Math.multiply 2
+pop local 2
+push local 2
+push argument 0
+gt
+not
+push local 2
+push constant 0
+lt
+not
+and
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push local 1
+pop local 3
+label IF_FALSE1
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop local 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push local 3
+return
+function Math.max 0
+push argument 0
+push argument 1
+gt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push argument 0
+pop argument 1
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 1
+return
+function Math.min 0
+push argument 0
+push argument 1
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push argument 0
+pop argument 1
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 1
+return

tools/OS/Memory.vm

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+function Memory.init 0
+push constant 0
+pop static 0
+push constant 2048
+push static 0
+add
+push constant 14334
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push constant 2049
+push static 0
+add
+push constant 2050
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Memory.peek 0
+push argument 0
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+return
+function Memory.poke 0
+push argument 0
+push static 0
+add
+push argument 1
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Memory.alloc 1
+push argument 0
+push constant 1
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 5
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push constant 2048
+pop local 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push constant 0
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push argument 0
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+pop local 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push local 0
+push argument 0
+add
+push constant 16379
+gt
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push constant 6
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE1
+push constant 0
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push argument 0
+push constant 2
+add
+gt
+if-goto IF_TRUE2
+goto IF_FALSE2
+label IF_TRUE2
+push argument 0
+push constant 2
+add
+push local 0
+add
+push constant 0
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push argument 0
+sub
+push constant 2
+sub
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push local 0
+push constant 2
+add
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE3
+goto IF_FALSE3
+label IF_TRUE3
+push argument 0
+push constant 3
+add
+push local 0
+add
+push local 0
+push argument 0
+add
+push constant 4
+add
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+goto IF_END3
+label IF_FALSE3
+push argument 0
+push constant 3
+add
+push local 0
+add
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+label IF_END3
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+push local 0
+push argument 0
+add
+push constant 2
+add
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+label IF_FALSE2
+push constant 0
+push local 0
+add
+push constant 0
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push local 0
+push constant 2
+add
+return
+function Memory.deAlloc 2
+push argument 0
+push constant 2
+sub
+pop local 0
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+pop local 1
+push constant 0
+push local 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 0
+push local 0
+add
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push local 0
+sub
+push constant 2
+sub
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+goto IF_END0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push constant 0
+push local 0
+add
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push local 0
+sub
+push constant 0
+push local 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+add
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push constant 1
+push local 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push local 1
+push constant 2
+add
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+push local 0
+push constant 2
+add
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+goto IF_END1
+label IF_FALSE1
+push constant 1
+push local 0
+add
+push constant 1
+push local 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+label IF_END1
+label IF_END0
+push constant 0
+return

tools/OS/Screen.vm

@@ -0,0 +1,806 @@
+function Screen.init 1
+push constant 16384
+pop static 1
+push constant 0
+not
+pop static 2
+push constant 17
+call Array.new 1
+pop static 0
+push constant 0
+push static 0
+add
+push constant 1
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 0
+push constant 16
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+push local 0
+push static 0
+add
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+add
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.clearScreen 1
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 0
+push constant 8192
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 0
+push static 1
+add
+push constant 0
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.updateLocation 0
+push static 2
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push argument 0
+push static 1
+add
+push argument 0
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push argument 1
+or
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+goto IF_END0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+push static 1
+add
+push argument 0
+push static 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push argument 1
+not
+and
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+label IF_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.setColor 0
+push argument 0
+pop static 2
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.drawPixel 3
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+push argument 0
+push constant 511
+gt
+or
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+or
+push argument 1
+push constant 255
+gt
+or
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 7
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+push constant 16
+call Math.divide 2
+pop local 0
+push argument 0
+push local 0
+push constant 16
+call Math.multiply 2
+sub
+pop local 1
+push argument 1
+push constant 32
+call Math.multiply 2
+push local 0
+add
+pop local 2
+push local 2
+push local 1
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.drawConditional 0
+push argument 2
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push argument 1
+push argument 0
+call Screen.drawPixel 2
+pop temp 0
+goto IF_END0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+push argument 1
+call Screen.drawPixel 2
+pop temp 0
+label IF_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.drawLine 11
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+push argument 2
+push constant 511
+gt
+or
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+or
+push argument 3
+push constant 255
+gt
+or
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 8
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 2
+push argument 0
+sub
+call Math.abs 1
+pop local 3
+push argument 3
+push argument 1
+sub
+call Math.abs 1
+pop local 2
+push local 3
+push local 2
+lt
+pop local 6
+push local 6
+push argument 3
+push argument 1
+lt
+and
+push local 6
+not
+push argument 2
+push argument 0
+lt
+and
+or
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push argument 0
+pop local 4
+push argument 2
+pop argument 0
+push local 4
+pop argument 2
+push argument 1
+pop local 4
+push argument 3
+pop argument 1
+push local 4
+pop argument 3
+label IF_FALSE1
+push local 6
+if-goto IF_TRUE2
+goto IF_FALSE2
+label IF_TRUE2
+push local 3
+pop local 4
+push local 2
+pop local 3
+push local 4
+pop local 2
+push argument 1
+pop local 1
+push argument 0
+pop local 0
+push argument 3
+pop local 8
+push argument 0
+push argument 2
+gt
+pop local 7
+goto IF_END2
+label IF_FALSE2
+push argument 0
+pop local 1
+push argument 1
+pop local 0
+push argument 2
+pop local 8
+push argument 1
+push argument 3
+gt
+pop local 7
+label IF_END2
+push constant 2
+push local 2
+call Math.multiply 2
+push local 3
+sub
+pop local 5
+push constant 2
+push local 2
+call Math.multiply 2
+pop local 9
+push constant 2
+push local 2
+push local 3
+sub
+call Math.multiply 2
+pop local 10
+push local 1
+push local 0
+push local 6
+call Screen.drawConditional 3
+pop temp 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 1
+push local 8
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 5
+push constant 0
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE3
+goto IF_FALSE3
+label IF_TRUE3
+push local 5
+push local 9
+add
+pop local 5
+goto IF_END3
+label IF_FALSE3
+push local 5
+push local 10
+add
+pop local 5
+push local 7
+if-goto IF_TRUE4
+goto IF_FALSE4
+label IF_TRUE4
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop local 0
+goto IF_END4
+label IF_FALSE4
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+label IF_END4
+label IF_END3
+push local 1
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 1
+push local 1
+push local 0
+push local 6
+call Screen.drawConditional 3
+pop temp 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.drawRectangle 9
+push argument 0
+push argument 2
+gt
+push argument 1
+push argument 3
+gt
+or
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+or
+push argument 2
+push constant 511
+gt
+or
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+or
+push argument 3
+push constant 255
+gt
+or
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 9
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+push constant 16
+call Math.divide 2
+pop local 3
+push argument 0
+push local 3
+push constant 16
+call Math.multiply 2
+sub
+pop local 7
+push argument 2
+push constant 16
+call Math.divide 2
+pop local 4
+push argument 2
+push local 4
+push constant 16
+call Math.multiply 2
+sub
+pop local 8
+push local 7
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+not
+pop local 6
+push local 8
+push constant 1
+add
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop local 5
+push argument 1
+push constant 32
+call Math.multiply 2
+push local 3
+add
+pop local 0
+push local 4
+push local 3
+sub
+pop local 2
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push argument 1
+push argument 3
+gt
+not
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 0
+push local 2
+add
+pop local 1
+push local 2
+push constant 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push local 0
+push local 5
+push local 6
+and
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+goto IF_END1
+label IF_FALSE1
+push local 0
+push local 6
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+label WHILE_EXP1
+push local 0
+push local 1
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END1
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+neg
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+goto WHILE_EXP1
+label WHILE_END1
+push local 1
+push local 5
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+label IF_END1
+push argument 1
+push constant 1
+add
+pop argument 1
+push local 1
+push constant 32
+add
+push local 2
+sub
+pop local 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.drawHorizontal 11
+push argument 1
+push argument 2
+call Math.min 2
+pop local 7
+push argument 1
+push argument 2
+call Math.max 2
+pop local 8
+push argument 0
+push constant 1
+neg
+gt
+push argument 0
+push constant 256
+lt
+and
+push local 7
+push constant 512
+lt
+and
+push local 8
+push constant 1
+neg
+gt
+and
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push local 7
+push constant 0
+call Math.max 2
+pop local 7
+push local 8
+push constant 511
+call Math.min 2
+pop local 8
+push local 7
+push constant 16
+call Math.divide 2
+pop local 1
+push local 7
+push local 1
+push constant 16
+call Math.multiply 2
+sub
+pop local 9
+push local 8
+push constant 16
+call Math.divide 2
+pop local 2
+push local 8
+push local 2
+push constant 16
+call Math.multiply 2
+sub
+pop local 10
+push local 9
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+not
+pop local 5
+push local 10
+push constant 1
+add
+push static 0
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop local 4
+push argument 0
+push constant 32
+call Math.multiply 2
+push local 1
+add
+pop local 0
+push local 2
+push local 1
+sub
+pop local 6
+push local 0
+push local 6
+add
+pop local 3
+push local 6
+push constant 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push local 0
+push local 4
+push local 5
+and
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+goto IF_END1
+label IF_FALSE1
+push local 0
+push local 5
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 0
+push local 3
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+neg
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push local 3
+push local 4
+call Screen.updateLocation 2
+pop temp 0
+label IF_END1
+label IF_FALSE0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.drawSymetric 0
+push argument 1
+push argument 3
+sub
+push argument 0
+push argument 2
+add
+push argument 0
+push argument 2
+sub
+call Screen.drawHorizontal 3
+pop temp 0
+push argument 1
+push argument 3
+add
+push argument 0
+push argument 2
+add
+push argument 0
+push argument 2
+sub
+call Screen.drawHorizontal 3
+pop temp 0
+push argument 1
+push argument 2
+sub
+push argument 0
+push argument 3
+sub
+push argument 0
+push argument 3
+add
+call Screen.drawHorizontal 3
+pop temp 0
+push argument 1
+push argument 2
+add
+push argument 0
+push argument 3
+sub
+push argument 0
+push argument 3
+add
+call Screen.drawHorizontal 3
+pop temp 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Screen.drawCircle 3
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+push argument 0
+push constant 511
+gt
+or
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+or
+push argument 1
+push constant 255
+gt
+or
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 12
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+push argument 2
+sub
+push constant 0
+lt
+push argument 0
+push argument 2
+add
+push constant 511
+gt
+or
+push argument 1
+push argument 2
+sub
+push constant 0
+lt
+or
+push argument 1
+push argument 2
+add
+push constant 255
+gt
+or
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push constant 13
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE1
+push argument 2
+pop local 1
+push constant 1
+push argument 2
+sub
+pop local 2
+push argument 0
+push argument 1
+push local 0
+push local 1
+call Screen.drawSymetric 4
+pop temp 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 1
+push local 0
+gt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 2
+push constant 0
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE2
+goto IF_FALSE2
+label IF_TRUE2
+push local 2
+push constant 2
+push local 0
+call Math.multiply 2
+add
+push constant 3
+add
+pop local 2
+goto IF_END2
+label IF_FALSE2
+push local 2
+push constant 2
+push local 0
+push local 1
+sub
+call Math.multiply 2
+add
+push constant 5
+add
+pop local 2
+push local 1
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop local 1
+label IF_END2
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+push argument 0
+push argument 1
+push local 0
+push local 1
+call Screen.drawSymetric 4
+pop temp 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push constant 0
+return

tools/OS/String.vm

@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+function String.new 0
+push constant 3
+call Memory.alloc 1
+pop pointer 0
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 14
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push argument 0
+call Array.new 1
+pop this 1
+label IF_FALSE1
+push argument 0
+pop this 0
+push constant 0
+pop this 2
+push pointer 0
+return
+function String.dispose 0
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push this 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push this 1
+call Array.dispose 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push pointer 0
+call Memory.deAlloc 1
+pop temp 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function String.length 0
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push this 2
+return
+function String.charAt 0
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+push argument 1
+push this 2
+gt
+or
+push argument 1
+push this 2
+eq
+or
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 15
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 1
+push this 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+return
+function String.setCharAt 0
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+push argument 1
+push this 2
+gt
+or
+push argument 1
+push this 2
+eq
+or
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 16
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push argument 1
+push this 1
+add
+push argument 2
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function String.appendChar 0
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push this 2
+push this 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 17
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push this 2
+push this 1
+add
+push argument 1
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push this 2
+push constant 1
+add
+pop this 2
+push pointer 0
+return
+function String.eraseLastChar 0
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push this 2
+push constant 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 18
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push this 2
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop this 2
+push constant 0
+return
+function String.intValue 5
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push this 2
+push constant 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 0
+return
+label IF_FALSE0
+push constant 0
+not
+pop local 3
+push constant 0
+push this 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 45
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push constant 0
+not
+pop local 4
+push constant 1
+pop local 0
+label IF_FALSE1
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 0
+push this 2
+lt
+push local 3
+and
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push local 0
+push this 1
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+push constant 48
+sub
+pop local 2
+push local 2
+push constant 0
+lt
+push local 2
+push constant 9
+gt
+or
+not
+pop local 3
+push local 3
+if-goto IF_TRUE2
+goto IF_FALSE2
+label IF_TRUE2
+push local 1
+push constant 10
+call Math.multiply 2
+push local 2
+add
+pop local 1
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+label IF_FALSE2
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push local 4
+if-goto IF_TRUE3
+goto IF_FALSE3
+label IF_TRUE3
+push local 1
+neg
+pop local 1
+label IF_FALSE3
+push local 1
+return
+function String.setInt 4
+push argument 0
+pop pointer 0
+push this 0
+push constant 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 19
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+push constant 6
+call Array.new 1
+pop local 2
+push argument 1
+push constant 0
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE1
+goto IF_FALSE1
+label IF_TRUE1
+push constant 0
+not
+pop local 3
+push argument 1
+neg
+pop argument 1
+label IF_FALSE1
+push argument 1
+pop local 1
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push local 1
+push constant 0
+gt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push argument 1
+push constant 10
+call Math.divide 2
+pop local 1
+push local 0
+push local 2
+add
+push constant 48
+push argument 1
+push local 1
+push constant 10
+call Math.multiply 2
+sub
+add
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+push local 1
+pop argument 1
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push local 3
+if-goto IF_TRUE2
+goto IF_FALSE2
+label IF_TRUE2
+push local 0
+push local 2
+add
+push constant 45
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+add
+pop local 0
+label IF_FALSE2
+push this 0
+push local 0
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE3
+goto IF_FALSE3
+label IF_TRUE3
+push constant 19
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE3
+push local 0
+push constant 0
+eq
+if-goto IF_TRUE4
+goto IF_FALSE4
+label IF_TRUE4
+push constant 0
+push this 1
+add
+push constant 48
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push constant 1
+pop this 2
+goto IF_END4
+label IF_FALSE4
+push constant 0
+pop this 2
+label WHILE_EXP1
+push this 2
+push local 0
+lt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END1
+push this 2
+push this 1
+add
+push local 0
+push this 2
+push constant 1
+add
+sub
+push local 2
+add
+pop pointer 1
+push that 0
+pop temp 0
+pop pointer 1
+push temp 0
+pop that 0
+push this 2
+push constant 1
+add
+pop this 2
+goto WHILE_EXP1
+label WHILE_END1
+label IF_END4
+push local 2
+call Array.dispose 1
+pop temp 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function String.newLine 0
+push constant 128
+return
+function String.backSpace 0
+push constant 129
+return
+function String.doubleQuote 0
+push constant 34
+return

tools/OS/Sys.vm

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+function Sys.init 0
+call Memory.init 0
+pop temp 0
+call Math.init 0
+pop temp 0
+call Screen.init 0
+pop temp 0
+call Output.init 0
+pop temp 0
+call Keyboard.init 0
+pop temp 0
+call Main.main 0
+pop temp 0
+call Sys.halt 0
+pop temp 0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Sys.halt 0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push constant 0
+not
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Sys.wait 1
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+lt
+if-goto IF_TRUE0
+goto IF_FALSE0
+label IF_TRUE0
+push constant 1
+call Sys.error 1
+pop temp 0
+label IF_FALSE0
+label WHILE_EXP0
+push argument 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END0
+push constant 50
+pop local 0
+label WHILE_EXP1
+push local 0
+push constant 0
+gt
+not
+if-goto WHILE_END1
+push local 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop local 0
+goto WHILE_EXP1
+label WHILE_END1
+push argument 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop argument 0
+goto WHILE_EXP0
+label WHILE_END0
+push constant 0
+return
+function Sys.error 0
+push constant 3
+call String.new 1
+push constant 69
+call String.appendChar 2
+push constant 82
+call String.appendChar 2
+push constant 82
+call String.appendChar 2
+call Output.printString 1
+pop temp 0
+push argument 0
+call Output.printInt 1
+pop temp 0
+call Sys.halt 0
+pop temp 0
+push constant 0
+return

tools/TextComparer.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+@echo off
+
+rem  $Id: TextComparer.bat,v 1.2 2014/05/10 00:52:43 marka Exp $
+rem  mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+setlocal
+if not "%3"=="" goto :USAGE
+if "%1"=="/?" goto :USAGE
+if not "%~1"=="" (
+  set "_arg1=%~f1"
+)
+if not "%~2"=="" (
+  set "_arg2=%~f2"
+)
+pushd "%~dp0"
+if  NOT "%~1"=="" (
+  if  NOT "%~2"=="" (
+  java -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;bin/classes" TextComparer ^
+    "%_arg1%" "%_arg2%"
+  popd
+  exit /B
+  )
+)
+:USAGE
+echo Usage:
+echo     TextComparer FILE1 FILE2    Compares FILE1 and FILE2.  The success
+echo                                 message or the first miscompared line
+echo                                 is printed to the command console.
+popd

tools/TextComparer.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+# $Id: TextComparer.sh,v 1.1 2014/06/17 21:14:01 marka Exp $
+# mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+# User's CDPATH can interfere with cd in this script
+unset CDPATH
+# Get the true name of this script
+script="`test -L "$0" && readlink -n "$0" || echo "$0"`"
+dir="$PWD"
+cd "`dirname "$script"`"
+if [ \( $# -ne 2 \) -o \( "$1" = "-h" \) -o \( "$1" = "--help" \) ]
+then
+	# print usage
+	echo "Usage:"
+	echo "    `basename "$0"` FILE1 FILE2    Compares FILE1 and FILE2.  The success"
+	echo "                                   message or the first miscompared line"
+	echo "                                   is printed to the command console."
+else
+	# Convert arg1 to an absolute path
+	if [ `echo "$1" | sed -e "s/\(.\).*/\1/"` = / ]
+	then
+		arg1="$1"
+	else
+		arg1="$dir/$1"
+	fi
+	# Convert arg2 to an absolute path
+	if [ `echo "$2" | sed -e "s/\(.\).*/\1/"` = / ]
+	then
+		arg2="$2"
+	else
+		arg2="$dir/$2"
+	fi
+#	echo Comparing "$arg1" "$arg2"
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes" TextComparer "$arg1" "$arg2"
+fi

tools/VMEmulator.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+@echo off
+
+rem  $Id: VMEmulator.bat,v 1.3 2014/05/10 00:51:55 marka Exp $
+rem  mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+setlocal 
+if not "%2"=="" goto :USAGE
+if "%~1"=="/?" (
+:USAGE
+  echo Usage:
+  echo     VMEmulator             Starts the VM Emulator in interactive mode.
+  echo     VMEmulator FILE.tst    Starts the VM Emulator and runs the FILE.tst test
+  echo                            script.  The success/failure message is
+  echo                            printed to the command console.
+  exit -b
+)
+if not "%~1"=="" (
+  set "_arg1=%~f1"
+)
+pushd "%~dp0"
+if "%~1"=="" (
+  start javaw -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;.;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/HackGUI.jar;bin/lib/Simulators.jar;bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar" ^
+    VMEmulatorMain
+) else (
+rem  echo Running "%_arg1%"
+  java -classpath "%CLASSPATH%;.;bin/classes;bin/lib/Hack.jar;bin/lib/HackGUI.jar;bin/lib/Simulators.jar;bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar;bin/lib/Compilers.jar" ^
+    VMEmulatorMain "%_arg1%"
+)
+popd

tools/VMEmulator.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+# $Id: VMEmulator.sh,v 1.1 2014/06/17 21:14:01 marka Exp $
+# mark.armbrust@pobox.com
+
+# User's CDPATH can interfere with cd in this script
+unset CDPATH
+# Get the true name of this script
+script="`test -L "$0" && readlink -n "$0" || echo "$0"`"
+dir="$PWD"
+cd "`dirname "$script"`"
+if [ \( $# -gt 1 \) -o \( "$1" = "-h" \) -o \( "$1" = "--help" \) ]
+then
+	echo "Usage:"
+	echo "    `basename "$0"`             Starts the VM Emulator in interactive mode."
+	echo "    `basename "$0"` FILE.tst    Starts the VM Emulator and runs the FILE.tst test"
+	echo "                              script.  The success/failure message is"
+	echo "                              printed to the command console."	
+elif [ $# -eq 0 ]
+then
+	# Run VM emulator in interactive mode
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/HackGUI.jar:bin/lib/Simulators.jar:bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar" VMEmulatorMain &
+else
+	# Convert arg1 to an absolute path and run VM emulator with arg1
+	if [ `echo "$1" | sed -e "s/\(.\).*/\1/"` = / ]
+	then
+		arg1="$1"
+	else
+		arg1="${dir}/$1"
+	fi
+#	echo Running "$arg1"
+	java -classpath "${CLASSPATH}:bin/classes:bin/lib/Hack.jar:bin/lib/HackGUI.jar:bin/lib/Simulators.jar:bin/lib/SimulatorsGUI.jar:bin/lib/Compilers.jar" VMEmulatorMain "$arg1"
+fi

tools/builtInChips/ALU.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/ALU.hdl
+
+/**
+ * The ALU. Computes one of the following functions:
+ * x+y, x-y, y<>x, 0, 1, -1, x, y, -x, -y, !x, !y,
+ * x+1, y+1, x-1, y-1, x&y, x|y on two 16-bit inputs.
+ * Which function to compute is determined by 6 input bits 
+ * denoted zx, nx, zy, ny, f, no.
+ * The computed function's value is called "out".
+ * In addition to computing out, the ALU computes two 
+ * 1-bit outputs called zr and ng:
+ * if out == 0, zr = 1; otherwise zr = 0;
+ * If out < 0, ng = 1; otherwise ng = 0.
+ * The 6-bit combinations (zx,nx,zy,ny,f,no) and 
+ * their effect are documented in the book. 
+ */
+
+// Implementation: the ALU manipulates the x and y
+// inputs and then operates on the resulting values, 
+// as follows:
+// if (zx  == 1) sets x = 0        // 16-bit constant
+// if (nx  == 1) sets x = ~x       // bitwise "not"
+// if (zy  == 1) sets y = 0        // 16-bit constant
+// if (ny  == 1) sets y = ~y       // bitwise "not"
+// if (f   == 1) sets out = x + y  // integer 2's-complement addition
+// if (f   == 0) sets out = x & y  // bitwise And
+// if (no  == 1) sets out = ~out   // bitwise Not
+// if (out == 0) sets zr = 1
+// if (out < 0)  sets ng = 1
+
+
+CHIP ALU {
+
+    IN  // 16-bit inputs:
+        x[16], y[16],
+        // Control bits:
+        zx, // Zero the x input
+        nx, // Negate the x input
+        zy, // Zero the y input
+        ny, // Negate the y input
+        f,  // Function code: 1 for add, 0 for and
+        no; // Negate the out output
+
+    OUT // 16-bit output
+        out[16],
+
+        // ALU output flags
+        zr, // 1 if out=0, 0 otherwise
+        ng; // 1 if out<0, 0 otherwise
+
+    BUILTIN ALU;
+}

tools/builtInChips/ARegister.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/ARegister.hdl
+
+/**
+ * A 16-Bit register called "A Register". 
+ * If load[t-1]=1 then out[t] = in[t-1]
+ * else out does not change (out[t] = out[t-1])
+ *
+ * This built-in chip implementation has the side effect of 
+ * providing a GUI representation of a 16-bit register
+ * called "A register" (typically used to store an address).
+ */
+
+CHIP ARegister {
+
+    IN  in[16], load;
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN ARegister;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/Add16.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Add16.hdl
+
+/*
+ * Adds two 16-bit values.
+ * The most significant carry bit is ignored.
+ */
+
+CHIP Add16 {
+
+    IN  a[16], b[16];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN Add16;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/And.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/And.hdl
+
+/**
+ * And gate: out = 1 if {a == 1 and b == 1}, 0 otherwise  
+ */
+
+CHIP And {
+
+    IN  a, b;
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN And;
+}

tools/builtInChips/And16.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/And16.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 16-bit-wise And gate: for i = 0..15: out[i] = a[i] and b[i]
+ */
+
+CHIP And16 {
+
+    IN  a[16], b[16];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN And;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/Bit.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Bit.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 1-bit register.
+ * If load[t] == 1 then out[t+1] = in[t]
+ *                 else out[t+1] = out[t] (no change)
+ */
+
+CHIP Bit {
+
+    IN  in, load;
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN Bit;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}

tools/builtInChips/DFF.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/DFF.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Data Flip-flop: out(t) = in(t-1) 
+ * where t is the current time unit, or clock cycle.
+ */
+
+CHIP DFF {
+
+    IN  in;
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN DFF;
+    CLOCKED in;
+}

tools/builtInChips/DMux.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/DMux.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Dmultiplexor.  
+ * {a,b} = {in,0} if sel == 0
+ *         {0,in} if sel == 1
+ */
+
+ 
+CHIP DMux {
+
+    IN  in, sel;
+    OUT a, b;
+
+    BUILTIN DMux;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/DMux4Way.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/DMux4Way.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 4-way demultiplexor.  
+ * {a,b,c,d} = {in,0,0,0} if sel == 00
+ *             {0,in,0,0} if sel == 01
+ *             {0,0,in,0} if sel == 10
+ *             {0,0,0,in} if sel == 11
+ */
+
+
+CHIP DMux4Way {
+
+    IN  in, sel[2];
+    OUT a, b, c, d;
+
+    BUILTIN DMux4Way;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/DMux8Way.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/DMux8Way.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 8-way demultiplexor.  
+ * {a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h} = {in,0,0,0,0,0,0,0} if sel == 000
+ *                     {0,in,0,0,0,0,0,0} if sel == 001
+ *                     etc.
+ *                     {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,in} if sel == 111
+ */
+
+
+CHIP DMux8Way {
+
+    IN  in, sel[3];
+    OUT a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h;
+
+    BUILTIN DMux8Way;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/DRegister.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file is part of the materials accompanying the book
+// "The Elements of Computing Systems" by Nisan and Schocken, 
+// MIT Press. Book site: www.idc.ac.il/tecs
+// File name: tools/builtIn/DRegister.hdl
+
+/**
+ * A 16-Bit register called "D Register". 
+ * If load[t-1]=1 then out[t] = in[t-1]
+ * else out does not change (out[t] = out[t-1])
+ *
+ * This built-in chip implementation has the side effect of 
+ * providing a GUI representation of a 16-bit register
+ * called "D register" (typically used to store data).
+ */
+
+CHIP DRegister {
+
+    IN  in[16], load;
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN DRegister;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/FullAdder.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/FullAdder.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Full adder. Computes sum, the least significant bit of 
+ * a + b + c, and carry, the most significant bit of a + b + c.
+ */
+
+CHIP FullAdder {
+
+    IN  a, b, c;
+    OUT sum,     // LSB of a + b + c
+        carry;   // MSB of a + b + c
+
+    BUILTIN FullAdder;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/HalfAdder.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/HalfAdder.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Half adder. Computes sum, the least significnat bit of a + b,
+ * and carry, the most significnat bit of a + b.
+ */
+
+CHIP HalfAdder {
+
+    IN  a, b;
+    OUT sum,   // LSB of a + b
+        carry; // MSB of a + b
+
+    BUILTIN HalfAdder;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Inc16.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Inc16.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 16-bit incrementer.  out = in + 1 (16-bit addition).
+ * Overflow is neither detected nor handled.
+ */
+
+CHIP Inc16 {
+
+    IN  in[16];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN Inc16;
+}
+

tools/builtInChips/Keyboard.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Keyboard.hdl
+
+/**
+ * The keyboard (memory map).
+ * Outputs the code of the currently pressed key.
+ *
+ * The built-in chip implementation has two side effects supplied 
+ * by the simulator. First, the keyboard memory map is continuously 
+ * being refreshed from the physical keyboard unit. Second, it 
+ * displays a keyboard icon and data entry GUI.
+ */
+
+CHIP Keyboard {
+
+    OUT out[16];   // The ASCII code of the pressed key, 
+                   // or 0 if no key is currently pressed, 
+                   // or one the special codes listed in Figure 5.5.
+
+    BUILTIN Keyboard;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Mux.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Mux.hdl
+
+/** 
+ * Multiplexor. If sel == 1 then out = b else out = a.
+ */
+
+CHIP Mux {
+
+    IN  a, b, sel;
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN Mux;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Mux16.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Mux16.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 16 bit multiplexor. If sel == 1 then out = b else out = a.
+ */
+
+CHIP Mux16 {
+
+    IN  a[16], b[16], sel;
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN Mux;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Mux4Way16.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Mux4Way16.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 4-way 16-bit multiplexor.  
+ * out = a if sel == 00
+ *       b if sel == 01
+ *       c if sel == 10
+ *       d if sel == 11
+ */
+
+
+CHIP Mux4Way16 {
+     
+    IN a[16], b[16], c[16], d[16], sel[2];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN Mux4Way16;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Mux8Way16.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Mux8Way16.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 8-way 16-bit multiplexor.  
+ * out = a if sel == 000
+ *       b if sel == 001
+ *       etc.
+ *       h if sel == 111
+ */
+
+ 
+CHIP Mux8Way16 {
+
+    IN  a[16], b[16], c[16], d[16],
+        e[16], f[16], g[16], h[16],
+        sel[3];
+
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN Mux8Way16;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Nand.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Nand.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Nand gate: out = a Nand b.
+ */
+
+CHIP Nand {
+
+    IN  a, b;
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN Nand;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Not.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Not.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Not gate: out = not in 
+ */
+
+CHIP Not {
+
+    IN  in;
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN Not;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Not16.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Not16.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 16-bit Not gate: for i = 0..15: out[i] = not in[i]
+ */
+
+CHIP Not16 {
+
+    IN  in[16];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN Not16;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Or.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Or.hdl
+
+
+/**
+ * Or gate: out = 1 if {a == 1 or b == 1}, 0 otherwise  
+ */
+
+CHIP Or {
+
+    IN  a, b;
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN Or;

tools/builtInChips/Or16.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Or16.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 16-bit bitwise Or gate: for i = 0..15 out[i] = a[i] or b[i].
+ */
+
+CHIP Or16 {
+
+    IN  a[16], b[16];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN Or;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Or8Way.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Or8Way.hdl
+
+
+/**
+ * 8-way Or gate: out = in[0] or in[1] or ... or in[7].
+ */
+
+CHIP Or8Way {
+
+    IN  in[8];
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN Or8Way;

tools/builtInChips/PC.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/PC.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 16-bit counter with load and reset controls.
+ *
+ * If reset(t-1) then out(t) = 0
+ *    else if load(t-1) then out(t) = in(t-1)
+ *         else if inc(t-1) then out(t) = out(t-1) + 1 (integer addition)
+ *              else out(t) = out(t-1)
+ */
+
+CHIP PC {
+
+    IN  in[16], load, inc, reset;
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN PC;
+    CLOCKED in, load, inc, reset;
+}

tools/builtInChips/RAM16K.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/RAM16K.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Memory of 16K registers, each 16-bit wide.  
+ * The chip facilitates read and write operations, as follows:
+ *     Read:  out(t) = RAM16K[address(t)](t)
+ *     Write: If load(t-1) then RAM16K[address(t-1)](t) = in(t-1)
+ * In words: the chip always outputs the value stored at the memory 
+ * location specified by address. If load=1, the in value is loaded 
+ * into the memory location specified by address.  This value becomes 
+ * available through the out output starting from the next time step.
+ */
+
+CHIP RAM16K {
+
+    IN  in[16], load, address[14];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN RAM16K;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}

tools/builtInChips/RAM4K.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/RAM4K.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Memory of 4K registers, each 16-bit wide.  
+ * The chip facilitates read and write operations, as follows:
+ *     Read:  out(t) = RAM4K[address(t)](t)
+ *     Write: If load(t-1) then RAM4K[address(t-1)](t) = in(t-1)
+ * In words: the chip always outputs the value stored at the memory 
+ * location specified by address. If load == 1, the in value is loaded 
+ * into the memory location specified by address.  This value becomes 
+ * available through the out output starting from the next time step.
+ */
+
+CHIP RAM4K {
+
+    IN  in[16], load, address[12];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN RAM4K;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}

tools/builtInChips/RAM512.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/RAM512.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Memory of 512 registers, each 16-bit wide.  
+ * The chip facilitates read and write operations, as follows:
+ *     Read:  out(t) = RAM512[address(t)](t)
+ *     Write: If load(t-1) then RAM512[address(t-1)](t) = in(t-1)
+ * In words: the chip always outputs the value stored at the memory 
+ * location specified by address. If load == 1, the in value is loaded 
+ * into the memory location specified by address.  This value becomes 
+ * available through the out output starting from the next time step.
+ */
+
+CHIP RAM512 {
+
+    IN  in[16], load, address[9];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN RAM512;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}

tools/builtInChips/RAM64.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/RAM64.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Memory of 64 registers, each 16-bit wide.  
+ * The chip facilitates read and write operations, as follows:
+ *     Read:  out(t) = RAM64[address(t)](t)
+ *     Write: If load(t-1) then RAM64[address(t-1)](t) = in(t-1)
+ * In words: the chip always outputs the value stored at the memory 
+ * location specified by address. If load == 1, the in value is loaded 
+ * into the memory location specified by address.  This value becomes 
+ * available through the out output starting from the next time step.
+ */
+
+CHIP RAM64 {
+
+    IN in[16], load, address[6];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN RAM64;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}

tools/builtInChips/RAM8.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/RAM8.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Memory of 8 registers, each 16-bit wide.  
+ * The chip facilitates read and write operations, as follows:
+ *     Read:  out(t) = RAM8[address(t)](t)
+ *     Write: If load(t-1) then RAM8[address(t-1)](t) = in(t-1)
+ * In words: the chip always outputs the value stored at the memory 
+ * location specified by address. If load == 1, the in value is loaded 
+ * into the memory location specified by address.  This value becomes 
+ * available through the out output starting from the next time step.
+ */
+
+CHIP RAM8 {
+
+    IN  in[16], load, address[3];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN RAM8;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}

tools/builtInChips/ROM32K.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/ROM32K.hdl
+
+/**
+ * Read-Only memory (ROM) of 16K registers, each 16-bit wide.
+ * The chip is designed to facilitate data read, as follows:
+ *     out(t) = ROM32K[address(t)](t)
+ * In words: the chip always outputs the value stored at the 
+ * memory location specified by address.
+ *
+ * The built-in chip implementation has a GUI side-effect, 
+ * showing an array-like component that displays the ROM's 
+ * contents. The ROM32K chip is supposed to be pre-loaded with 
+ * a machine language program. To that end, the built-in chip
+ * implementation also knows how to handle the "ROM32K load Xxx"
+ * script command, where Xxx is the name of a text file containing 
+ * a program written in the Hack machine language.  When the 
+ * simulator encounters such a command in a test script, the code 
+ * found in the file is loaded into the simulated ROM32K unit.
+ */
+
+CHIP ROM32K {
+
+    IN  address[15];
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN ROM32K;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Register.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Register.hdl
+
+/**
+ * 16-Bit register. 
+ * If load[t-1]=1 then out[t] = in[t-1]
+ * else out does not change (out[t] = out[t-1])
+ */
+
+CHIP Register {
+
+    IN  in[16], load;
+    OUT out[16];
+
+    BUILTIN Register;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}

tools/builtInChips/Screen.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Screen.hdl
+
+/**
+ * The Screen (memory map).
+ * Functions exactly like a 16-bit 8K RAM:
+ *    1. out(t)=Screen[address(t)](t)
+ *    2. If load(t-1) then Screen[address(t-1)](t)=in(t-1)
+ *
+ * The built-in chip implementation has the side effect of continuously 
+ * refreshing a visual 256 by 512 black-and-white screen, simulated 
+ * by the simulator. Each row in the visual screen is represented 
+ * by 32 consecutive 16-bit words, starting at the top left corner 
+ * of the visual screen. Thus the pixel at row r from the top and 
+ * column c from the left (0<=r<=255, 0<=c<=511) reflects the c%16 
+ * bit (counting from LSB to MSB) of the word found in 
+ * Screen[r*32+c/16]. 
+ */
+
+CHIP Screen {
+
+    IN  in[16],    // what to write
+    load,          // write-enable bit
+    address[13];   // where to read/write
+    OUT out[16];   // Screen value at the given address
+
+    BUILTIN Screen;
+    CLOCKED in, load;
+}
+
+
+
+ 

tools/builtInChips/Xor.hdl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: tools/builtIn/Xor.hdl
+
+/**
+ *  Exclusive-or gate: out = !(a == b).
+ */
+
+CHIP Xor {
+
+    IN  a, b;
+    OUT out;
+
+    BUILTIN Xor;
+}